Tag Archives: Ministry of corporate affairs

MAJOR CAUTIONS UNDER PUBLIC OFFER (COMPANIES ACT, 2013)

Posted on September 20, 2013 | 2 comments

In recent posts, we discussed provisions of Chapter III of the Companies Act, 2013. This is time to discuss major penal provisions in this chapter.

CRIMINAL LIABILITY FOR MIS-STATEMENT IN PROSPECTUS (SECTION 34):

Where a prospectus, issued, circulated or distributed:

a) includes any statement which is untrue or misleading in form or context in which it is included; or

b) where any inclusion or omission of any matter is likely to mislead;

Every person who authorises the issue of such prospectus shall be liable under section 447 i.e. fraud.

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Posted in Chapter III - CA2013, Companies Act 2013, CorpGov, CSR, Governance and Responsibility

Tagged Abridge Prospectus, Advertisement of Prospectus, Allotment of Securities, Application Form, Board of Directors, Bonus Issue, Business, Companies Act, Companies Act 2013, Companies Bill 2012, CorpGov, CorpLaw, Corporate Governance, Corporate Law, Debentures, Deemed Prospectus, Dematerialise securities, Dematerialise Shares, Depositories, ESOPS, Fraud, Further Public Offer, GDR, Global Depository Receipt, India, Information in Prospectus, Information Memorandum, Initial Public Offer, IPO, Issue of Securities, Issue of Securities by Company, Issue of Securities by Private Company, Issue of Securities By Public Company, Legal liability, Legal Reforms, Listed Companies, Listing, Listing of Securities, Ministry of corporate affairs, Offer for Sale, Offer for Sale of Securities to the Public by an existing Shareholder, Offer Letter, Offer of Securities for Sale, Other Securities, Preferential Allotment, Private Placement, Private Placement Offer Letter, Prospectus, Public Issue, Public Offer, Red Herring Prospectus, Reforms, Registration of Prospectus, Reports with Prospectus, Return of Allotment, right issue, SEBI, Securities, Securities and Exchange Board o India, Securities and Exchange Board of India, Security (finance), Shares, Shares and Securities, Shelf Prospectus, Statement of Compliance, Statement of Expert, Stock exchange, Sweat Equity

Effective Provisions of Companies Act, 2013 as on 12th September 2013

Posted on September 13, 2013 | 19 comments

On 30^th August 2013 (Bhadrapada 8, 1935 Saka), Ministry of Law and Justice issued a notification regarding the Companies Act, 2013 immediately after it received assent of President of India. Only section 1 of the Act of 2013 came into effect from that day. Section 1 as usual deals with short title, Extent, commencement and application.

Earlier Act of 1956 was applicable to whole of India with some modification related to Indian State of Nagaland, but not applicable Indian state of Sikkim. Act of 2013 is applicable to whole of India including Sikkim and without any exception to any state. Sub – section 4 of Section 1 of Act of 2013 lists out some exception regarding particular classes of companies. However, Act of 2013 is not made effective to Sikkim as on 12^th September 2013.

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Posted in Chapter I - CA2013, Companies Act 2013, CorpGov, CSR, Governance and Responsibility

Tagged Appellate Tribunal, Central Government, Companies Act, Companies Act 1956, Companies Act 2013, Companies Bill 2012, CorpGov, CorpLaw, Corporate Affairs Ministry, Corporate Governance, Corporate Law, General Meeting, India, Indian Depository Receipt, Legal Reforms, Ministry of corporate affairs, National Company Law Tribunal, Public Offer, Reforms, Sikkim, the Registration of Companies (Sikkim) Act

VARIANTS OF PROSPECTUS (Companies Act, 2013)

Posted on September 13, 2013 | 6 comments

In our last blog post Prospectus (Companies Act 2013) , we discussed provisions related to prospectus. We will continue our study in this post.

ADVERTISEMENT OF PROSPECTUS (SECTION 30):

When a company issue an advertisement of prospectus, the advertisement shall specify contents of its memorandum; the objects, the liability of members, amount of share capital, name of signatories, and number of shares subscribed for by these signatories and its capital structure.

SHELF PROSPECTUS (SECTION 31):

Any class of company may file a shelf prospectus with the Registrar of Companies at the stage of first offer of securities.

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6 Comments

Posted in Chapter III - CA2013, Companies Act 2013, CorpGov, Governance and Responsibility

Tagged Abridge Prospectus, Advertisement of Prospectus, Application Form, Companies Act 2013, Companies Bill 2012, CorpGov, CorpLaw, Corporate Governance, Corporate Law, India, Information Memorandum, Legal Reforms, Ministry of corporate affairs, Prospectus, Public Issue, Public Offer, Red Herring Prospectus, Reforms, Registrar of Companies, Securities, Securities and Exchange Board of India, Shares, Shares and Securities, Shelf Prospectus

PUBLIC OFFER AND PRIVATE PLACEMENT

Posted on September 6, 2013 | 50 comments

Any business cannot run without funds. In case of an incorporated company, initial capital always come from subscribers to the memorandum. ~~As we have discussed in earlier post Commencement of Business, company should commence its business within 180 days by filing some documents with Registrar of Companies.~~ This is legal requirement of Section 11, all subscribers should paid the value of shares agreed to be taken by him and company should receive that money before filing document for filing for commencement of business. But this initial capital may not be sufficient for running a business. [UPDATE: This portion stand deleted due to the Companies (Amendment) Act, 2015.] Public funding is a fundamental proposition for legal structure called company.

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50 Comments

Posted in Chapter III - CA2013, Chapter IV - CA2013, Companies Act 2013, CorpGov, Governance and Responsibility

Tagged Companies Bill 2012, CorpLaw, Corporate Law, Further Public Offer, India, Initial Public Offer, IPO, Issue of Securities by Company, Issue of Securities by Private Company, Issue of Securities By Public Company, Legal Reforms, Listed Companies, Ministry of corporate affairs, Offer for Sale, Offer for Sale of Securities to the Public by an existing Shareholder, Offer Letter, Offer of Securities for Sale, Private Placement, Private Placement Offer Letter, Prospectus, Public Issue, Public Offer, Reforms, SEBI, Securities, Securities and Exchange Board o India, Shares, Shares and Securities

MINOR PROVISIONS IN CHAPTER II (COMPANIES ACT 2013)

Posted on September 3, 2013 | 6 comments

There are some provisions other than what I have already discussed in my recent posts. I will discuss these provisions here.

COPIES OF DOCUMENTS TO MEMBERS (SECTION 17):

Whenever a member ask, company shall send him within seven days of this request a copy of each following documents:

The Memorandum,
The Articles, and
Every Agreement and Every Resolution under Section 117.

There a provision for a payment of prescribed fee. Section 117 deals with agreements and resolutions which are required to be filed by the company with Registrar. We will discuss it in a future post.

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6 Comments

Posted in Chapter II - CA2013, Companies Act 2013, CorpGov, Governance and Responsibility

Tagged Authentication Of Documents, Authentication Of Proceedings, Companies Bill 2012, Copies of Documents to Members, CorpLaw, Corporate Law, Execution Of Bill Of Exchange., Incorporation & Registration, India, Legal Reforms, Ministry of corporate affairs, Reforms, Service of Documents, Service Of Documents On Company, Service Of Documents On Member, Service Of Documents On Registrar, Shares of Holding Companies, Signing Of Contracts

NAME AND CLASS OF THE COMPANY

Posted on August 30, 2013 | 1 comment

UPDATE: on 30^th August 2013: Companies Bill 2012 became the Companies Act, 2013 (Act 18 of 2013).

After reading my posts on Formation of a Company and Alteration of Memorandum and Articles, few readers suggested that I should cover provisions related to names in one place. I will discuss these provisions here along with provisions related to conversion of company from one class to another.

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Posted in Chapter II - CA2013, Companies Act 2013, Governance and Responsibility

Tagged Articles, Change in Name, Companies Act 2013, Companies Bill 2012, Conversion of Registered Companies, CorpLaw, Corporate Law, Incorporation, Incorporation & Registration, India, Legal Reforms, Memorandum, Ministry of corporate affairs, Name of Company, Rectification of Name, Reforms

Quotes from Companies Bill debate in Rajya Sabha

Posted on August 14, 2013 | 2 comments

UPDATE: on 30^th August 2013: Companies Bill 2012 became the Companies Act, 2013 (Act 18 of 2013).

For every new law, legislative intent, which show it in debates taken place in Parliament, become important. These debates offer a guide while drafting subordinate legislation. There are many questions about future rules and regulations. I, here, compiled some important quotes from this debates from Rajya Sabha.[i][ii][iii]

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Posted in Companies Act 2013, CorpGov, CSR, Governance and Responsibility, Truth of Our Time

Tagged Auditor, Chartered Accountants, class-action suits, Companies Act 2013, Companies Bill 2012, CorpLaw, Corporate Law, Corporate Social Responsibility, CSR, Director, Ganguly Committee, Independent Director, India, Legal Reforms, Ministry of corporate affairs, Rajya Sabha, Reforms

The Company under the Companies Act 2013

Posted on August 13, 2013 | 8 comments

UPDATE: on 30^th August 2013: Companies Bill 2012 became the Companies Act, 2013 (Act 18 of 2013).

This is my first post after passing of the Companies Bill, 2012 by Rajya Sabha on 8^th August 2013. Lok Sabha have already passed this Bill, earlier on 18^th December 2012. The Bill is just one signature away from being an Act or two-three step away from come to be in forced by Notification.

Here, I try to study briefly some definitions related to companies under present Bill [Now the Companies Act, 2013]. Readers may please add their inputs in comment section of this post.

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8 Comments

Posted in Chapter I - CA2013, Companies Act 2013, Governance and Responsibility

Tagged Associate Company, Banking Company, Body Corporate, Companies Bill 2012, Companies with Special Provisions, Company, Company incorporated outside India, Company Limited by Guarantee, Company Limited by Shares, CorpLaw, Corporate Law, Corporation, Dormant Company, Financial Institution, Government Company, Holding Company, Joint Venture Company, Listed Company, Ministry of corporate affairs, Nidhi Company, Non - Profit Company, One Person Company, Private Company, Producer Company, Public Company, Small Company, Subsidiary Company

CLASS ACTION IN COMPANIES ACT, 2013

Posted on June 21, 2013 | 4 comments

UPDATE: on 30^th August 2013: Companies Bill 2012 became the Companies Act, 2013 (Act 18 of 2013).

In continuation with my last blog post on Oppression and Mismanagement; I am reading Class Action under Clause 245 of the Bill. Provisions relating to Class Action are under Chapter XVI of the Companies Bill, 2012 and basically target to achieve investor protection in a limited manner and on an experimental basis.

[Law discussed in this post was valid till 8 May 2019 and have academic and Historic value.]

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4 Comments

Posted in chapter XVI - CA2013, Companies Act 2013, CorpGov, Governance and Responsibility

Tagged Board of Directors, class-action suits, Companies Bill 2012, CorpLaw, Corporate Governance, Corporate Law, Director, India, Legal Reforms, Members, Ministry of corporate affairs, Mismanagement, NCLT, Oppression, Oppression and Mismanagement, Reforms, Tribunal

OPPRESSION & MISMANAGEMENT UNDER COMPANIES ACT 2013

Posted on June 14, 2013 | 10 comments

UPDATE: on 30^th August 2013: Companies Bill 2012 became the Companies Act, 2013 (Act 18 of 2013).

Class Action is one of the youngest additions to Indian jurisprudence particularly, in Indian Corporate Jurisprudence. Class Action aims to prevent Oppression and Mismanagement in Companies. The Provisions relating to Oppression and Mismanagement are in Chapter XVI of the Companies Bill, 2012.

In this post, I will cover Section 241 – 244 which deals with normal provisions.

In next post, I will discuss Section 245 dealing with Class Action and after that Section 246 read with Section 373 to 341.

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10 Comments

Posted in chapter XVI - CA2013, Companies Act 2013, CorpGov, Governance and Responsibility

Tagged Board of Directors, class-action suits, Companies Bill 2012, CorpLaw, Corporate Governance, Corporate Law, Director, India, Legal Reforms, Members, Members and Shareholders, Ministry of corporate affairs, Mismanagement, NCLT, Oppression, Oppression and Mismanagement, Reforms, Tribunal

RTI Reply on Working of MCA21 Portal in 2012 – 13

Posted on June 11, 2013 | 3 comments

I filed an application for Information of period from 1^st April 2012 to 31^st March 2013 about working of MCA21 portal. My question was:

Description of the information required:

1. Current User Capacity of MCA21 Portal,

2. Number of Month – wise Log – in on MCA21 portal from 1^st April 2012 to 31^st March 2013

3. Total Month – wise time – period, during 1^st April 2012 to 31^st March 2013, when MCA21 Portal was not working due to Maintenance, Updating, Production release, upgrades, switchovers, switchback drills or other official Reasons; and details thereof,

4. Total month – wise time period, during 1^st April 2012 to 31^st March 2013, when MCA21 Portal put notice like “Large numbers of users are logged in MCA21 portal. Kindly try after some time.”

I received this reply from Ministry of Corporate Affairs, which is also embedded here. Please read and share your views on comment section of this blog post.

View this document on Scribd

3 Comments

Posted in Chapter XXIV - CA2013, Companies Act 2013, CorpGov, Governance and Responsibility

Tagged CorpGov, CorpLaw, Corporate, Corporate Governance, Corporate Law, e-Governance, India, MCA, Ministry of corporate affairs, Reforms, Right to Information, RTI

POWER OF BOARD UNDER COMPANIES ACT 2013

Posted on May 31, 2013 | 5 comments

UPDATE: on 30^th August 2013: Companies Bill 2012 became the Companies Act, 2013 (Act 18 of 2013).

In February 2013, I wrote “FOOTSTEPS OF CORPORATE GOVERNANCE IN COMPANIES BILL 2012” and thereafter try to cover all relevant topics related to Corporate Governance. Even though, day-to-day management of company is function of KEY MANAGERIAL PERSONNEL (sometime designated as out of Board Directors); Board of Directors is indeed most Significant body, which virtually rule a company. Not only, APPOINTMENT AND QUALIFICATION OF DIRECTOR as well as their DUTIES, VACATION, RESIGNATION, REMOVAL are subject to close scrutiny by investors, professionals and regulators. Board of Directors has a set of Executive Directors who are APPOINTMENT and MANAGERIAL REMUNERATION has some other significant aspect of Corporate Governance. The Appointment of INDEPENDENT DIRECTORS is one of the most significant contributions of this Bill to Corporate Governance practices in India. This all-powerful company Board exercises its powers in BOARD MEETING but it has some statutory and other BOARD COMMITTEES. Now we will discuss Power of Board of Directors under present Bill.
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5 Comments

Posted in Chapter XII - CA2013, Companies Act 2013, CorpGov, Governance and Responsibility

Tagged Accounts, Board Committee, Board of Directors, Board Powers, Boards’ Report, CG, Companies Bill 2012, Contribution to bona fide Charitable and other funds, Contribution to National Defence Fund, CorpGov, CorpLaw, Corporate Governance, Corporate Law, Director, Independent Director, India, Legal Reforms, Ministry of corporate affairs, Political Contribution, Power of Board of Directors, Profit and Loss Account, Reforms, Resolutions in Board Meeting, Restrictions on Power of Board, Special Resolution

BOARD COMMITTEES IN COMPANIES ACT 2013

Posted on May 17, 2013 | 7 comments

UPDATE: on 30^th August 2013: Companies Bill 2012 became the Companies Act, 2013 (Act 18 of 2013).

Delegation of Power is buzz word in this Companies Bill 2012. This delegation is not only from legislature to Executive but also from Board of Directors to its committees. Committees are not new to Indian Corporate Jurisprudence. Audit Committee was introduced in the present Companies Act, 1956 twelve years ago in year 2000. Schedule XII also has Remuneration committee.

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7 Comments

Posted in Chapter XII - CA2013, Companies Act 2013, CorpGov, Governance and Responsibility

Tagged Accounts and Audit, Audit Committee, Board Committee, Board of Directors, Companies Bill 2012, CorpGov, CorpLaw, Corporate Governance, Corporate Law, Corporate Social Responsibility, Corporate Social Responsibility Committee, Cost Audit, CSR, CSR Committee, Director, Independent Director, Internal Audit, Investor grievances, Key managerial personnel, Legal Reforms, Managerial Remuneration, Managing Director, Ministry of corporate affairs, Nomination and Remuneration Committee, Reforms, Related Party Transaction, Stakeholders Relationship Committee, Statutory Audit, Whistle blower, Whole – time Director

APPOINTMENT OF MANAGING DIRECTOR AND MANAGER

Posted on May 3, 2013 | 101 comments

UPDATE: on 30^th August 2013: Companies Bill 2012 became the Companies Act, 2013 (Act 18 of 2013).

[NOTE: The law stated in this post is effective from 1^st April 2014 till 11^th September 2018. For the law applicable from 12^th September 2018, please visit here]

Managing Director is Key Managerial Personnel of utmost importance. He is the face of a company and its decision-making mechanism. A person gains significant advantages as Managing Director which may not be there, in case of his appointment as Manager or Chief Executive Officer. While Chief Executive Officer has no special advantage except his clubbing as Key Managerial Personnel with Manager and Managing Director, Manager has some. Their definitions speak themselves. Appointment of Managing Director, Whole – Time Director and Manager is governed by the provision of Section 196 of the Bill. They all are a different class of Key Managerial Personnel and has the specific provision of appointment in addition to Section 203, discussed in an earlier post.

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101 Comments

Posted in Chapter XIII - CA2013, Companies Act 2013, CorpGov, Governance and Responsibility

Tagged Board Committee, Board of Directors, Companies Bill 2012, CorpGov, CorpLaw, Corporate Governance, Corporate Law, Director, India, Key managerial personnel, Legal Reforms, Manager, Managerial Remuneration, Managing Director, Ministry of corporate affairs, Reforms, Whole – time Director

INDEPENDENT DIRECTORS IN COMPANIES ACT 2013

Posted on April 26, 2013 | 13 comments

(UPDATE: on 30^th August 2013: Companies Bill became the Companies Act, 2013 (Act 18 of 2013).

When I was reading Section 149 of the Companies Bill, 2012 for an earlier post “Appointment and Qualification of Director”, I have not discussed provisions related to independent director. As mentioned in that post every listed company shall have at least one-third of total number of directors as Independent directors. The central government may prescribe minimum number of independent directors in other class or classes of public companies. Independent director is a genre of directors and all law related to duties, vacation, resignation, removal will also be applicable to them also. do not forget; they are not key managerial personnel or officer in default.

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13 Comments

Posted in Chapter XI - CA2013, Companies Act 2013, CorpGov, Governance and Responsibility

Tagged Board Committee, Board of Directors, Code for Independent Directors, Companies Bill 2012, CorpGov, CorpLaw, Corporate Governance, Corporate Law, Director, Independent Director, Independent Directors, India, Law, Legal Reforms, Liability of Independent Directors, Ministry of corporate affairs, Profession, Reforms, Related Party Transaction, Whistle blower

DIRECTOR: DUTIES, VACATION, RESIGNATION, REMOVAL

Posted on April 19, 2013 | 28 comments

UPDATE: on 30^th August 2013: Companies Bill became the Companies Act, 2013 (Act 18 of 2013).

In my last post, I stopped myself from further reading midway due to length of the post “Appointment and Qualification of Director”. Now, this is time to resume reading. Let us start with Additional Director, Alternate Director and Nominee Directors.

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28 Comments

Posted in Chapter XI - CA2013, Companies Act 2013, CorpGov, Governance and Responsibility

Tagged Additional Director, Alternate Director, Board of Directors, Companies Bill 2012, CorpGov, CorpLaw, Corporate Law, Director, Director in Casual Vacancy, Duties of Directors, Independent Director, India, Legal Reforms, Ministry of corporate affairs, Nominee Director, Reforms, Removal of Director, Resignation of Director, Vacation of Office of Director, Whole – time Director

APPOINTMENT AND QUALIFICATION OF DIRECTOR

Posted on April 12, 2013 | 42 comments

UPDATE: on 30^th August 2013: Companies Bill 2012 became the Companies Act, 2013 (Act 18 of 2013).

I discussed in my last post that it is first time that concept of “Key Managerial Personnel” has been introduced in India. Hopefully, present Companies Bill will change status of Corporate Governance in India. The qualified Directors and transparency in appointment of directors is single most important key for success of public corporate and corporate governance. As I discussed, appointment of “Key Managerial Personnel” is discussed in Section 203 but specific provisions of Chapter XI should be taken care of in case of appointment of Directors as they are specific provisions for them. Chapter XI consists of 23 Section from Section 149 to Section 172.

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42 Comments

Posted in Chapter XI - CA2013, Companies Act 2013, CorpGov, Governance and Responsibility

Tagged Board of Directors, Companies Bill 2012, Company Secretary, CorpGov, CorpLaw, Corporate Governance, Corporate Law, Director, Disqualification of Directors, Key managerial personnel, Legal Reforms, limit on directorship, Ministry of corporate affairs, Profession, Qualification of Directors, Reforms, Retiring Directors

KEY MANAGERIAL PERSONNEL

Posted on April 5, 2013 | 30 comments

UPDATE: on 30^th August 2013: Companies Bill 2012 became the Companies Act, 2013 (Act 18 of 2013).

In any jurisdiction, Quality of Corporate Governance and compliance of ethics depends upon quality of people taking charge of the affairs. The companies Bill 2012 have some inbuilt elements of corporate governance in it. First time Concept of Key Managerial Personnel is being introduced in India. Which seems different with “officer who is in default” as that concept is still in this Bill.

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30 Comments

Posted in Chapter XIII - CA2013, Companies Act 2013, Company Secretary, CorpGov, Governance and Responsibility

Tagged Board of Directors, Chief Executive director, Chief Financial Officer, Companies Act 2013, Companies Bill 2012, Company Secretary, CorpGov, CorpLaw, Corporate Governance, Corporate Law, India, Key Legal Reforms, Key managerial personnel, Manager, Managing Director, Ministry of corporate affairs, Officer, officer who is in default, Profession, Reforms, Related Party Transaction, Whole – time Director

EMPLOYEES WELFARE IN PROFESSIONAL BODIES

Posted on March 22, 2013 | Leave a comment

Employee’s welfare is also a matter corporate social responsibility for all body corporate. During debate on corporate social responsibilities we heard a lot from all quarters.

Principle 3 of National Voluntary Guideline on Social, Environment, & Economic Responsibilities of Business issued by Ministry of Corporate Affairs say, ”Businesses should promote the well being of all Employees.” On page 17 of this guideline, it is mentioned that “…strongly believe that addressing health issues significantly contributes to the sustainability of their business operations and especially the health and welfare of their employees.” There is separate guideline issued by Government for Central Public sector Enterprises.

As a stakeholder, we have interest in measures taken by professional bodies under Ministry of Corporate Affairs. It is noteworthy to note, these professional bodies are very instrumental to spread awareness about corporate social responsibilities on behalf of government. I filed applications under three professional bodies and asked same questions:

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INTERNAL AUDIT AND COST AUDIT

Posted on March 15, 2013 | 5 comments

(UPDATE: on 30^th August 2013: Companies Bill became the Companies Act, 2013 (Act 18 of 2013).

In this series of my blog post related to Companies Bill, 2012; I am writing this post about provision relating to internal and cost audits. The manner of appointment of auditors may affect independence of cost audit and good corporate governance. The bill addresses this issue very well.

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5 Comments

Posted in Chapter IX - CA2013, Companies Act 2013, CorpGov, Governance and Responsibility

Tagged Accounts, Accounts and Audit, Appointment of Auditor, Auditor, Auditor Remuneration, Causal Vacancy, Companies Bill 2012, CorpGov, CorpLaw, Corporate Governance, Corporate Law, Cost Audit, Disqualification of Auditor, India, Internal Audit, Legal Reforms, Ministry of corporate affairs, Profession, Reforms, Removal of auditor, Resignation of Auditor

Tag Archives: Ministry of corporate affairs

MAJOR CAUTIONS UNDER PUBLIC OFFER (COMPANIES ACT, 2013)

Effective Provisions of Companies Act, 2013 as on 12th September 2013

VARIANTS OF PROSPECTUS (Companies Act, 2013)

PUBLIC OFFER AND PRIVATE PLACEMENT

MINOR PROVISIONS IN CHAPTER II (COMPANIES ACT 2013)

NAME AND CLASS OF THE COMPANY

The Company under the Companies Act 2013

CLASS ACTION IN COMPANIES ACT, 2013

OPPRESSION & MISMANAGEMENT UNDER COMPANIES ACT 2013

RTI Reply on Working of MCA21 Portal in 2012 – 13

POWER OF BOARD UNDER COMPANIES ACT 2013

APPOINTMENT OF MANAGING DIRECTOR AND MANAGER

DIRECTOR: DUTIES, VACATION, RESIGNATION, REMOVAL

APPOINTMENT AND QUALIFICATION OF DIRECTOR

EMPLOYEES WELFARE IN PROFESSIONAL BODIES

INTERNAL AUDIT AND COST AUDIT

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