Category Archives: Investor Education

Investor Education for Layman

RETINA SIGNATURE – REPLACING DIGITAL SIGNATURES


Bye – Bye Digital Signature Certificates!!

Inter – ministerial task force on secured authentication of legal documents actively discussing retina signatures which next logical step after introduction of biometric identification system in India. Indian mainstream media undermined these reports amid its stir on recent development in Uttar Pradesh.

Under critically proactive leadership of Prime Minister Narendra Modi an inter-ministerial task force was formed just after demonetization to consider digital cash, digital contracts and digitization of legal and court documents. The task force includes highly places officers of Ministry of Finance, Ministry of Law & Justice, Ministry of Information Technology, Unique Identification Authority of India, Ministry of Health & Family welfare. Highly placed sources suggest that a prime intelligence agency of nation is also involved and getting help from an agency of a friendly foreign nation.

Retina signature is a unique technique developed by a research group consist of countries premier medical colleges and information technology universities. This is quite advance technique user shall sign just showing his retina to camera attached to his laptop, mobile or desktop. This futuristic system shall replace token based digital signature certificate and can be used anytime anywhere by anybody. Though, it will be restricted presently for human need, this technique is so advance that it can be even be used by advance animals using their retina. Retina signature will eradicate need for renewal of digital signature certificates. This technology provides lifelong free signatures subject to good health and maintenance of retina. Any kind of file type may be signed using retina signature.

Retina is third and inner coat of eye which is a light-sensitive layer of tissue. The unique structure of the blood vessels in the retina has been used for biometric identification. Changes in the retinal microcirculation are seen with aging, exposure to air pollution and may indicate cardiovascular diseases such as hypertension and atherosclerosis.

In proposed methodology, a user shall place his eyes before camera of his mobile or laptop when a document to be signed should be opened before him on same device. It is also possible to sign a documents placed in another device. The retina signature shall capture bio-metrics of retina, system time, internet protocol address and geo-positioning of signatory. Once, signed there shall be no removal of signature from the documents shall be possible unless authorized by competent authority, which shall be a civil judge.

As usual, human right activists are planning to oppose the move. Activists argue that scrupulous elements and police authorities may get retina signature using force and other means. However, government authority denies any such possibilities. The task force working on modalities to make it happened in case blind, mentally challenged and otherwise unhealthy people.

A copy of relevant study document may be assessed here on or after 1st April.

 

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Refund to claimant from IEPF


Ministry of Corporate Affairs amended the Investor Education and Protection Fund Authority (Accounting, Audit, Transfer and Refund) Rules, 2016. The Investor Education and Protection Fund Authority (Accounting, Audit, Transfer and Refund) Amendment Rules, 2017 rules published in Official Gazette on 28th February 2017 and came into force on even date.  In earlier post here and here(original)/here(amended), we discussed transfer of amounts of unpaid and unclaimed dividends etc to the Investor Education and Protection Fund Authority Fund and transfer of shares in respect of which dividend is remain unpaid and unclaimed for continuous seven years. In this post, we will discuss amended provisions related to refund of such amount and shares related to unpaid dividend transferred to the Investor Education and Protection Fund Authority.

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Transfer of Shares related to Unpaid Dividend


Ministry of Corporate Affairs recently amended Indian companies, the Investor Education and Protection Fund Authority (Accounting, Audit, Transfer and Refund) Rules, 2016. the Investor Education and Protection Fund Authority (Accounting, Audit, Transfer and Refund) Amendment Rules, 2017 published in Official Gazette on 28th February 2017 and came into force on same date. We discussed original rules earlier here.  In this post, we will discuss amended law related transfer of shares related to unpaid dividend to the Investor Education and Protection Fund Authority.

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contract or agreement


In company law, there is interchangeable use of term contract and agreement. Though, they does not refer to same things. There is another term arrangement which also relevant in this context but not relevant to present post, here.

Agreement is an action of being agree. A contract is more than that.

“All contracts are agreements but all agreements are not contract.”

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Limited vs Private Limited Company


 

I receive a question on Quora which may interest readers of this Blog. The question is –

What is the difference between limited company & private limited company?

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Limited in Limited Company??


I receive a question on Quora which may interest readers of this Blog. The question is –

What is limited in private limited company? I understand limited means limited liability but can someone explain with a detailed example about how this liability turns out to be limited. Please use numerical in the example. Lets consider 4 owners, each one has 25% stake in the company & the total investment is say 1 lac INR.”

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BASIC INFORMATION FOR INVESTORS


Recently, this blog received request form small promoters and investors asking information to receive information about company. Individual investors express fear about own investment in own companies.

Though, I suggest them to get professional help from local company secretary or chartered accountant, if company secretary is not available in their locality. But a simple, Do It Yourself (DIY) may help them.
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