Category Archives: Governance and Responsibility

Governance and Responsibility – In life of Nation, State, Government, Corporate, Society and Individual

Out of Sahara Blues


Finally government tries to come out of Sahara Blues. Government earlier was in pressure to put corporate governance in place among private companies and tried well. Thereafter, industry lobby (read as vested interests among “promoters” and “professionals”) started pleaded mercy for all “otherwise honest players”.

Government initiated it journey with exemption notifications and now bring this amendment rules.

The Companies (Audit and Auditors) Second Amendment Rules, 2017 is interesting in more than one way. Statistically, this exemption will benefit only selected big players among private companies in India and their auditors.

Section 139(2) of the Companies Act, 2013 reads, “No listed company or a company belonging to such class or classes of companies as may be prescribed, shall appoint or re-appoint—

(a) an individual as auditor for more than one term of five consecutive years; and

(b) an audit firm as auditor for more than two terms of five consecutive years.”

Rule 5 of the Companies (Audit and Auditors) Rules 2014 before present amendments reads, “for the purposes of sub-section (2) of section 139, the class of companies shall mean the following classes of companies excluding one person companies and small companies:-

(a) all unlisted public companies having paid up share capital of rupees ten crore or more;

(b) all private limited companies having paid up share capital of rupees twenty crore or more;

(c) all companies having paid up share capital of below threshold limit mentioned in (a) and (b) above, but having public borrowings from financial institutions, banks or public deposits of rupees fifty crores or more.”

Now, the Companies (Audit and Auditors) Second Amendment Rules, 2017, amend clause (b) of rule 5. The amendment rules reads, “in the Companies (Audit and Auditors) Rules, 2014, in rule 5, in clause (b), for the word “twenty”, the word “fifty” shall be substituted.

This amendment rules increase threshold limit for rotation of auditors for private companies by a good 150%.

As number of companies and auditors is not much, it may not affect stakeholders significantly but our commitment towards corporate governance.

 

Homecoming of Terror – House of Cards


This business is politics. Kevin Spacey and Robin Wright have proven it yet again in the magical political drama. The Underwoods keep you spellbound with the ultimate passion of power. The gait, the style, the fashionable couple have very well-kept the audience captured in the past and so surely this time also. Chessboard of intense playful politics once again is inside our home on our screens. The successful four seasons of the House of Cards is a testimony of how politics remain a part of our living room. With season five on run the series have maintained the political strategies as core designs of the drama.

With the recent real – life political screenplay rewritten in United States, it gets quite interesting to watch dramatic president Frank Underwood. You try to relate things happening and actions of current President, which may or may not relate. Terror is new nucleus of politics everywhere in the world and now it is homecoming of terror.

‘You’ve nothing to be afraid off’. The season 5 episode 1 begins with the strategic handling of the corruption accusations published in Washington Herald against the President. This is a valuable past to defend, the deeds he did earlier as the Vice President. Frank Underwood steals the show when he uses his power play and emphatically manipulates the debate to lead towards terrorism. He demands declaration of war against ICO and seeks support from house of congress. You cannot afford to miss, his spouts, “I will not yield”.

Frank Underwood has come to India, tune into the House Of Cards Season 5 Marathon (episodes 6 – 10) on Saturday, 10th June, 5 PM onwards, only on Zee Café!

This episode carries its main substance from the last episode of season 4, wherein Jim Miller was beheaded by ICO. The contentious whisper of Miller’s daughter, in Frank’s ears, at the funeral of her father, leaves the audience with a curious drama. Something may happen soon, it may be in next few episodes. You get little hints with a curiosity of how.

First episode successfully annex you to your television sets. The episode builds on; the Underwood couple tastes public resentment. It does not last long with their moves to gain the public confidence towards the closure of an hour long episode. The first episodes itself makes a mood for not “Homecoming of Terror” but “politics of terror”. The audience becomes an addict of power play, it has.

Claire Underwood’s public service announcement on a television filming is a deliberate move towards upcoming elections, which we may witness in future episodes. The hysterical wish of Miller’s daughter puts Claire, the first lady, in a position where the audience assumes far-reaching admiration for Claire. I keep my figure crossed. #HOConZCafe ignites social media.

 

Specified Banks Notes – Amendment in Companies Law


Ministry of corporate affairs inserted a clause (d) in rule 11 of the Companies (Audit and Auditors) Rules, 2014. The Companies (Audit and Auditors) Amendment Rules, 2017 was published in official gazette on 30th March 2017 and came into force from that date.

Continue reading

Amendment in MBP Rules


Ministry of Corporate affairs amended the Companies (Meetings of Boards and its powers) Rules, 2014. The Companies (Meetings of Boards and its Powers) Amendments Rules, 2017 was published in official gazette on 30th March 2017 and came into force on that date itself.

Continue reading

RETINA SIGNATURE – REPLACING DIGITAL SIGNATURES


Bye – Bye Digital Signature Certificates!!

Inter – ministerial task force on secured authentication of legal documents actively discussing retina signatures which next logical step after introduction of biometric identification system in India. Indian mainstream media undermined these reports amid its stir on recent development in Uttar Pradesh.

Under critically proactive leadership of Prime Minister Narendra Modi an inter-ministerial task force was formed just after demonetization to consider digital cash, digital contracts and digitization of legal and court documents. The task force includes highly places officers of Ministry of Finance, Ministry of Law & Justice, Ministry of Information Technology, Unique Identification Authority of India, Ministry of Health & Family welfare. Highly placed sources suggest that a prime intelligence agency of nation is also involved and getting help from an agency of a friendly foreign nation.

Retina signature is a unique technique developed by a research group consist of countries premier medical colleges and information technology universities. This is quite advance technique user shall sign just showing his retina to camera attached to his laptop, mobile or desktop. This futuristic system shall replace token based digital signature certificate and can be used anytime anywhere by anybody. Though, it will be restricted presently for human need, this technique is so advance that it can be even be used by advance animals using their retina. Retina signature will eradicate need for renewal of digital signature certificates. This technology provides lifelong free signatures subject to good health and maintenance of retina. Any kind of file type may be signed using retina signature.

Retina is third and inner coat of eye which is a light-sensitive layer of tissue. The unique structure of the blood vessels in the retina has been used for biometric identification. Changes in the retinal microcirculation are seen with aging, exposure to air pollution and may indicate cardiovascular diseases such as hypertension and atherosclerosis.

In proposed methodology, a user shall place his eyes before camera of his mobile or laptop when a document to be signed should be opened before him on same device. It is also possible to sign a documents placed in another device. The retina signature shall capture bio-metrics of retina, system time, internet protocol address and geo-positioning of signatory. Once, signed there shall be no removal of signature from the documents shall be possible unless authorized by competent authority, which shall be a civil judge.

As usual, human right activists are planning to oppose the move. Activists argue that scrupulous elements and police authorities may get retina signature using force and other means. However, government authority denies any such possibilities. The task force working on modalities to make it happened in case blind, mentally challenged and otherwise unhealthy people.

A copy of relevant study document may be assessed here on or after 1st April.

 

REDUCTION OF SHARE CAPITAL


Section 66 of the Companies Act, 2013, discussed earlier here, was notified on 7th December 2016 with effect from 15th December 2016. Central Government on 15th December 2016 notified the National Company Law Tribunal (Procedure for reduction of share capital of Company) Rules, 2016 with effect from even date. In this post we will discuss the same. Continue reading

Refund to claimant from IEPF


Ministry of Corporate Affairs amended the Investor Education and Protection Fund Authority (Accounting, Audit, Transfer and Refund) Rules, 2016. The Investor Education and Protection Fund Authority (Accounting, Audit, Transfer and Refund) Amendment Rules, 2017 rules published in Official Gazette on 28th February 2017 and came into force on even date.  In earlier post here and here(original)/here(amended), we discussed transfer of amounts of unpaid and unclaimed dividends etc to the Investor Education and Protection Fund Authority Fund and transfer of shares in respect of which dividend is remain unpaid and unclaimed for continuous seven years. In this post, we will discuss amended provisions related to refund of such amount and shares related to unpaid dividend transferred to the Investor Education and Protection Fund Authority.

Continue reading

Transfer of Shares related to Unpaid Dividend


Ministry of Corporate Affairs recently amended Indian companies, the Investor Education and Protection Fund Authority (Accounting, Audit, Transfer and Refund) Rules, 2016. the Investor Education and Protection Fund Authority (Accounting, Audit, Transfer and Refund) Amendment Rules, 2017 published in Official Gazette on 28th February 2017 and came into force on same date. We discussed original rules earlier here.  In this post, we will discuss amended law related transfer of shares related to unpaid dividend to the Investor Education and Protection Fund Authority.

Continue reading

contract or agreement


In company law, there is interchangeable use of term contract and agreement. Though, they does not refer to same things. There is another term arrangement which also relevant in this context but not relevant to present post, here.

Agreement is an action of being agree. A contract is more than that.

“All contracts are agreements but all agreements are not contract.”

Continue reading

Which Bank for your company?


Most young entrepreneur has this question in mind – which is suitable bank for my company or firm.

Most banks are here to do business and have physical and online services. Mindset of banker may affect business of their clients. They all have their target clients – you must be one of target client. A software company may not have good business relation with regional rural banks. Likewise a personal banking branch may not serve as good as corporate banking branch.

Continue reading

Emeritus Chairman vs Chairman


In India, most companies have designation of Chairman but there is no legally recognised office of chairman of company under the Companies Act, 2013. In Indian law, chairman or chairperson is not legal position but a momentary position in meetings.

Chairman under the company law is person appointed/elected as chairman of the Meeting of Board of Directors or meetings of members (general meetings). To avoid time to appoint/select/elect chairman in each such meeting, usually board of directors names a person as its chairman once. Chairman of the Board of Directors may act as chairman of the company (means chairman of its general meetings). However, this position usually treated as permanent designation for a person.

Section 104 of the Companies Act, 2013, talk about chairman of meetings. In some later sections term chairperson is also used in same meaning.

Indian Secretarial Standards bring some legal definition for the position of chairman.

For Indian Secretarial Standards SS – 1 dealing with meetings of Board of Directors, Chairman means the Chairman of the Board or its Committee, as the case may be, or the chairman appointed or elected for a meeting.

For Indian Secretarial Standards SS – 2 dealing with general meetings, Chairman means Chairman of the Board or the Chairman appointed or elected for a Meeting.

These definitions given in Indian Secretarial Standards give some legal backing for permanently appointed chairman of the board.

Chairman Emeritus is more ceremonial position. Chairman Emeritus is an honorary position usually given to people who have retired from the position. It is just a respect to person named so. Chairman Emeritus is like a head of family who lost all powers to younger generation but have high regards at least in society (if not in the family). More often than not, Chairman Emeritus conducts meetings just by presence and all legal responsibilities rest on named chairman.

Basic responsibility of chairman is to conduct a meeting and certify as correct the proceeding when noted down as minutes of meeting. Thus, legally chairman is higher and actual position.

In listed companies, Chairman is preferably a non – executive position and sometime independent directors need to be elected as chairman. Chairman of most committees of Board should legally be an independent director. In private companies and closely held companies managing director act as chairman. In family owned head of family acts as chairman.

This post was earlier written as Quora answer here.

 

Limited vs Private Limited Company


 

I receive a question on Quora which may interest readers of this Blog. The question is –

What is the difference between limited company & private limited company?

Continue reading

Limited in Limited Company??


I receive a question on Quora which may interest readers of this Blog. The question is –

What is limited in private limited company? I understand limited means limited liability but can someone explain with a detailed example about how this liability turns out to be limited. Please use numerical in the example. Lets consider 4 owners, each one has 25% stake in the company & the total investment is say 1 lac INR.”

Continue reading

Company Incorporation version 2017.1 Form – INC – 32


Procedural aspect of company incorporation is constantly changing since implementation of the Companies Act, 2013. This registration service is most used and critical service provided by Ministry of Corporate Affairs. Government of India aims to get good rank in World Bank’s ease of doing business ranking. Now, a company may be incorporated with single simple form.

Continue reading

Company Name with India


I receive a question on Quora which may interest readers of this Blog. The question is –

What is the procedure for inclusion of word ‘INDIA’ in the name of company?

My reply is as under –

Law related name of a company is governed with Section 4 of the Companies Act 2013 read with Rule 8. Under present law, there restriction related to inclusion of word “India” has been removed with effect from 1st April 2014.

Continue reading

DBA Names in India


I receive a question on Quora which may interest readers of this Blog. The question is –

Doing Business As (DBA) name for a Private Limited company in India?

Typically in US, we can have a company registered name as JP Morgan Chase Limited and they have a DBA as Chase which is very business friendly name. Can I have similar DBA name for a Private Limited Company in India?

Continue reading

AishMGhrana: 2016 in review


This blog always believe in ethical compliance of law, governance and responsibility. The blog has responsibility to its readers and writers. The blog regularly put here its annual reports for public information.

This blog now has secured https protocol to make reading experience more secured.

The blog was adjudged as one of the best blogs in India by Indianbloggers.org in category “law” in 2013 and continue hold this position. Indian Blog critics IndianTopBlogs.com listed this blog among best blogs on Corporate Affairs for year 2013 – 14, 2014 – 15, and 2016.

Most readers are resident of India and others are from 168 (against 148 last year) territories worldwide. Other than India; United States, United Kingdom, Malaysia, Pakistan and Singapore are important territories with more than 1,000 yearly views.

Most of our readers landed here on the blog from Search engines. Few others were referred by Social Media and friends. This year readers using mobile phone increased sharply to about 1700 in numbers.

Blog is participant of Accelerated mobile Pages (AMP) program of Google to ensure less mobile data consumption while loading.

The blog got about 3.6 lakh page views by 2.4 lakhs unique visitors this year against 4.1 lakh views by 2.7 lakh unique visitors last year. During the year, the blog posted 92 blog posts against 150 and 228 posts in 2015 and 2014 respectively. Blog now host total 571 blog posts and completed 12 lakh pageviews. The blog is thankful for testimonials sent by readers.

On readers demand – Index of Companies Law Posts is placed on home page.

Now 692 committed readers (against 545 last year) subscribed the blog over their email to get instant updates. You may also join mail subscription. 109 fellow blogger – readers read the blog on wordpress reader. About 600 person got blog updates through whatsapp. Blog has 5,274 amazing fans and committed readers.

This blog request all its users to share posts among their friends through social media buttons given after each post. Mobile phone users may share blog to whatsapp also.

I am thankful to WordPress which provided me all kind of support of excellent software which are easy to learn and use.

Transfer of Shares related to Unpaid Dividend


Ministry of Corporate Affairs recently issued Indian companies, the Investor Education and Protection Fund Authority (Accounting, Audit, Transfer and Refund) Rules, 2016. These rules published in Official Gazette on 5th September 2016 and came into force on 7th September 2016.  In this post, we will discuss transfer of shares related to unpaid dividend to the Investor Education and Protection Fund Authority.

UPDATE – provisions in this post are redundant from 28th February 2017 due to amendment in relevant Rules. Please click here to know new provisions.

Continue reading

A friend in competition


This was a New Year eve party of company secretaries. Our parties are not usually more about fun but about professional gathering and slightly boring for most. Most of us pretend to be serious professional not in formal professional gathering but in such deemed to be fun filled parties.

Continue reading

Cost auditor appointment query


According to Section 148 (3) of CA 2013 and Cost audit Rules 2014, cost auditor shall be appointed by the Board.

According to Section 148(3) of CA2013 and Audit and Auditor Rules, 2014 Remuneration shall be determined by the Members (in general meeting).

Now, according to Contract Act, 1872 (or in common law) this contract of appointment of cost auditor completes at General Meeting only that too on passing on resolution.

Query 1 – should we call it as “approval/ratification of remuneration or cost auditor” or “appointment of cost auditor” in general meeting? Unlikely but interesting situation will be where in members in general meeting does not ratify remuneration or modify the remuneration.

First case, no contract and second case counter offer. Further interesting, shall cost auditor bound to accept modified remuneration or not?